Not known Facts About Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

These pipes are highly resistant to fire and also subdue noise for garbage disposal in condominium facilities as well as apartment. Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) provides a special advantage when utilized in business structures. It is highly forgiving of cold and heat, and can, consequently, be used for various sorts of water system applications.


Unlike PEX pipes, PVC pipelines will certainly break or divide instead of expanding when exposed to freezing temperature levels. Chlorinated polyvinyl (CPVC) is a low-priced choice that can handle the plumbing requirements of business structures. CPVC pipes can endure exposure to warm and also are typically accepted for water delivery applications, including drinking water.

 

 

 

Getting My Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga To Work

If you're doing it on your own, PEX pipe is more prominent for DIY tasks given that it's simple to mount. If you require to set up or change your pipelines and also still can't decide which one to make use of, take into consideration getting in touch with an expert plumbing technician. The understanding they have on neighborhood building regulations and also their experience will certainly aid home owners choose the ideal sort of pipe for various usage situations.


Would like to know exactly how we can aid you enhance the lifetime of your water pipelines? Allow's speak, as well as we'll help you figure it out. Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA.

 

 

 

The Buzz on Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

There are 2 main sorts of plumbing pipelines made use of in multi-family domestic buildings today: copper as well as plastic. Older structures usually have copper pipes while newer structures and also new building commonly have plastic pipelines. As a Chicago property manager, it is up to you to understand the kinds of plumbing pipes in your structure, their longevity as well as their benefits as well as disadvantages so that you can arrange prompt preventive maintenance as well as fix solutions.


It is an adaptable alternative for PVC piping. Nonetheless, the added chlorine made use of in the production process of the pipelines can offer the water a chlorine smell, as well as if the pipes are allowed to freeze, they might break. PEX pipe is one more economical alternative for copper piping. It is exceptionally warmth immune and can be utilized on cold and hot water lines in new builds as well as to replace existing piping.

 

 

 

Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga for Beginners

This type of piping can be found in brand-new construction, and also it can be made use of to replace existing copper pipelines. PB piping was made use of as a cost effective substitute option for copper piping from 1970s up until the 1990s since it is incredibly adaptable and can match lots of spaces that have copper piping.

 

 

 

Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA

 

 

 

The properties of copper pipe provide some rust resistance, corrosion can show up over an extended period of time. Conduct yearly evaluations to situate any kind of leaks that can happen with time and also avoid corrosion-related health and wellness risks. Copper sizing alternatives array from inch to 2-inches. For residential applications, one of the most generally utilized copper pipeline is Type L.

 

 

 

Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga Fundamentals Explained

 

Why? Less pipe connections as well as the installment labor and also possible leakages they entail. This versatile plastic product can flex around edges and also via wall surfaces as well as floorings, connecting to a PEX manifold that is itself linked to the main water, therefore removing the requirement to make a pipeline connection every time there is a reversal.

 

 

 

An Unbiased View of Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

Plumbing Drain-Waste-Vent systems, or DWV, include 2 sorts of pipeline: 1) drain pipes that offer a network for the removal of waste from numerous fixtures; as well as 2) air vent pipes that remove and prevent unwanted gas from escaping inside Website the building. Vent pipelines likewise keep the necessary balance of stress to allow water to flow.


Without correct air circulation, there would not be adequate air displacement in the mug for the fluid to move out evenly, making it extremely tough to sip. In other words, for the fluid ahead out, air must come in. All DWV plumbing systems require at the very least one air vent infiltration with a home's roofing system line.

 

 

 

Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga for Beginners

ABS is readily available in 10-foot and 20-foot sizes in the USA. This heavy-duty iron pipe gives a number of attributes that can make its greater price worth the investment. A hubless actors iron pipe, with a size of just 4 inches, can still support virtually 5,000 extra pounds web link per straight foot.


Copper: Unlike other copper piping, DWV copper piping can not be used in a water system. Regardless of its larger diameter, its walls are thinner with an optimal pressure score of just 15 psi. This effectively restricts its use to systems with little to no pressure. Like cast iron dirt pipeline, DWV copper is commonly discovered in older homes.

 

 

 

Not known Incorrect Statements About Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

 

040 for a 1-" pipeline. Galvanized: As with water supply systems, galvanized pipes are frequently found in older houses.


There are a variety of plumbing pipelines available to house owners these days. Whether you're seeking to change your residence's or services' pipelines or you're embarking on a brand-new build, it is very important to recognize your options!.?. !! Depending on the task at hand, some pipelines are extra matched than others to get the job done.

 

 

 

The Buzz on Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

Polyethylene (PEX) piping is made from plastic and also made use of for water piping systems throughout homes or organizations. Adaptability is a major component of PEX piping, making it simpler to set up than other a lot more rigid choices. It is likewise very heat resistant as well as resilient. Initial prices of PEX setup tend to be higher than other piping materials; nonetheless, it calls for little to no maintenance.

 

 

 

While copper pipelines are a lot more expensive than other alternatives, they will last a long time (upwards of 50-70 years if correctly set hop over to these guys up). One point to note is that copper pipelines won't carry out also if your water is extremely acidic. Most common material available Trusted versus rust Fire resistant Can be used with both cold and hot water Must be soldered with each other by a specialist Will not launch harmful products such as lead into water Fire immune Polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, pipelines are made use of for a range of piping applications, from delivering alcohol consumption water to fire lawn sprinkler systems.
 

Some Ideas on Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga You Need To Know

 

It has a life-span of more than half a century and is typically used for sinks, showers, bathtubs, and also other components. Copper pipes are prominent among plumbing professionals as well as home owners because they are corrosion-resistant and also aid protect water high quality. That's since it doesn't rust, and germs can not flourish in copper pipes so it will not pollute water at all.


It's likewise able to be reused, making it one of the much more environmentally-friendly alternatives on this list. Certainly, there are drawbacks. Copper piping is pricey, as well as due to its rigidity, it's hard to use in cramped rooms. There are, however, soft copper options - Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA. Soft copper is flexible as well as is used simply put runs where room is limited as well as flexibility is needed.

 

 

 

 

Its major use is for air vent as well as drain lines - Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA. While it's cost-effective as well as resistant to cold temperatures, direct exposure to UV rays can warp as well as deteriorate it, limiting its usage to inside. One more thing to note: abdominal piping has a tendency to be noisier than other types of plumbing pipes, so if you're sensitive to audios you may desire to choose one more kind of plumbing pipe.

 

 

 

The 15-Second Trick For Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

Its most typical application is for piping links to devices, such as water heaters, toilets, and sinks. It's typically not allowed for usage inside wall surfaces or floorings. Flexi pipe is available in many sizes as well as sizes, as well as while it's rather durable, it has been known to fail after years of damage.

 

 

 

Stainless steel pipelines are solid as well as corrosion-resistant. Since of their capability to withstand rust, stainless steel pipes are the more suitable option in areas that are vulnerable to it, such as seaside areas.


Pipelines are fitted together using combinings. Galvanized steel is an inflexible, corrosion-resistant steel piping made use of for drain, water, and also various other objectives. It was when the product of selection for domestic plumbing, with piping coated in a layer of zinc to avoid rusting, yet it's much much less typical for water system today.

 

 

 

Not known Details About Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA

Of program, galvanized steel pipelines are entirely canceled. Cast iron pipe as well as galvanized steel pipeline were common for houses and also commercial buildings in the very early 20th century.


What occurred to lessen the popularity of actors iron piping? Over time, this will certainly impact its capacity to preserve a tidy water supply.


Polybutylene pipelines, or PB pipes, were a preferred choice for plumbing in the late 70s with the mid-90s. Polybutylene is a kind of plastic material that was viewed as "futuristic" and suitable for replacing copper. And also, they were affordable! With time, nonetheless, PB pipelines lost their appeal due to the fact that they inevitably were vulnerable to leak at the joints.

 

 

 

Facts About Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga Uncovered

 

HDPE benefits a range of plumbing applications due to its toughness and also capability to resist deterioration. Black iron piping, while not suggested to be made use of in plumbing applications, went to one time a preferred piping material for supply of water. Today, we understand that they should just be used for sharing gas or propane.


This blog was made to give you an understanding of all the different types of plumbing pipelines readily available to you. And also, if you're looking for a plumber that can recommend the best kinds of plumbing pipelines for your residence, or change existing plumbing pipelines, look no better than Express Sewage System & Drainpipe in Sacramento.


Various types of plastic water and also sewer pipelines are less complicated to deal with when contrasted to copper. The very first use plastic pipelines remained in the 1930s, and with the 1960s they rose in popularity amongst plumbing technicians many thanks to advances in plastic manufacturing that made hop over to these guys these pipelines much more helpful generally.

 

 

 

The Ultimate Guide To Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

 

For many years, a gray plastic called polybutylene was common for pipes systems, however it's no longer made use of since it splits and also produces leakages. If you have old polybutylene pipelines in your house, we highly suggest you arrange to have it changed with a newer sort of plastic pipeline. Here are the 3 kinds of plastic water pipelines that are generally utilized by plumbings today: This is the product you're possibly most familiar with, and also it serves a number of duties in a house apart from in the plumbing.

 

 

 

It's discover this not as try this website versatile as a few other kinds of plastic, and because it warps at high temperature levels (hotter than 140F) it isn't used for warm water lines or in cooking area applications. This type of plastic pipes will certainly not rust and also features a low warm conductivity. This is PVC piping that's undergone chlorination (treatment with chlorine).


Various types of pipes are readily available for use in business structures usually developed to fit a specific demand. To choose the appropriate materials, it is a good idea to collaborate with a specialist industrial plumber. In this article, you will uncover some of the most typical kinds of materials made use of in industrial structures (Plumbing in Watkinsville, GA).

 

 

 

Excitement About Plumbing In Watkinsville, Ga

Copper pipelines have outstanding sturdiness as well as stand up to rust far better than other steel pipeline options. Copper is relevant for both hot and cool water shipment and also can handle high pressure.
 

About Blocked Drain Plumber

reveals the positioning of the T&P valve. Plumber Melbourne near me. This vent ought to be directed to within 6 inches of the flooring, and care must be taken to prevent lowering the size of the vent and producing any unnecessary bends in the discharge pipeline. A lot of codes will allow just one 90 bend in the vent.


Water heaters that are set up on wooden floorings need to have water collection pans with a drain tube that drains pipes to an appropriate drain. The pan ought to be examined a routine basis. A tankless system has a heating device that is activated by the flow of water when a hot water valve is opened.


The output of the heater, however, limits the rate of the heated water flow. Blocked drain plumber. Demand water heaters are offered in propane (LP), gas, or electrical designs. They are available in a range of sizes for various applications, such as a whole-house water heater, a hot water source for a remote restroom or jacuzzi, or as a boiler to supply hot water for a house heater.


 

What Does Plumber Melbourne Mean?

The appeal of need water heating systems is not only the elimination of the tank standby losses and the resulting lower operating costs, but also the fact that the heating unit delivers hot water continuously. A lot of tankless models have a life expectancy of more than twenty years. On the other hand, storage tank water heaters last 10 to 15 years.


The top 2 pipeline choices for drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems are PVC or ABS. For proper flow in the drain, the pipe needs to be sized and angled so that the pipe is roughly half complete. This guarantees proper scouring action so that the solids consisted of in the waste will not be transferred in the pipe.


ABS uses cement just. ABS costs more than PVC in numerous locations, but Set up 40 PVC DWV solid core pipeline is stronger than ABS.

The Only Guide to Blocked Drain Plumbing Services

One fixture unit equates to roughly 7 gallons of water per minute. This is the surge flow rate of water released from a wash basin in one minute.


A home drain must be sloped towards the sewer to make sure scouring of the drain. Blocked drain plumber. The typical pitch of a house or building see this site drain is a -inch drop in 1 foot of length. The size of the drain is based on the component systems streaming into the pipe and the slope of the drain.


Table 9. 2. Hygienic Home Drain pop over here Sizes. Normal branch connections to the primary are revealed in. A branch drain is a waste pipe that collects the waste from two or more components and communicates it to the sewage system. It is sized in the very same method as the drain, taking into account that all toilets need to have a minimum 3-inch diameter drain, and only 2 toilets might link into one 3-inch drain.

Blocked Drain Plumber for Beginners

Due to the fact that a pipes system is subject to wide variations in flow, and this flow originates in various areas of the system, pressures vary commonly in the waste lines. These pressure differences tend to get rid of the water seal in the trap. The waste system should be appropriately vented to avoid the traps from siphoning dry, hence losing their water seal and allowing gas from the sewage system into the structure.


It has actually been found, however, that the corrosive liquids flowing in the system wear away or jam these mechanical traps. For this factor, a lot of pipes codes forbid mechanical traps. Plumbing services.




portrays this siphonage procedure; illustrates loss of trap seal. If a drain is placed vertically after the fixture trap, as in an S-trap, the wastewater continues to flow after the component is cleared and clears the trap. This is brought on by the pressure of air on the water of the fixture being higher than the pressure of air in the drain.

The Greatest Guide To Blocked Drain Plumber

When it comes to indirect or momentum siphonage, the circulation of water past the entrance to a component drain in the waste pipeline eliminates air from the fixture drain. This lowers the atmospheric pressure in the component drain, and the entire assembly acts image source as an aspirator. (and show pipes setups that would permit this type of siphonage to take place.).


Small flows tend to stick to the sides of the pipe, however big ones form a slug of waste as they drop. As this slug of water falls down the pipeline, the air in front of it ends up being pressurized.


The air pressure forces the trap seal up the pipeline into the fixture. Large water circulation past the vent can aspirate the water from the trap, while water flow approaching the trap can blow the water out of the trap.

Getting The Blocked Drain Plumbing Services To Work

The exact same fixture system requirements are used. Minimum Fixture Service Pipeline Diameters Vent pipes of less than 1 inches in diameter ought to not be used. Vents smaller than this size tend to obstruct and do not perform their function.

 

Cpvc Pipe - Questions

Long before you have a pipes emergency, you ought to understand the number of a 1 day plumbing service.


The finest method to avoid an emergency situation is to take care of your plumbing. This suggests trusting a plumber to execute routine upkeep as well as calling a person at the very first sign of problem.


Yet when the time comes, you ought to know who to call. You are worthy of to collaborate with a credible firm that has a history of success in your neighborhood. To locate out more regarding a business's online reputation, you need to read their reviews - best plumbers near me. You need to additionally deal with a company that has affordable rates.

Not known Factual Statements About Plumbers Near Me

Prior to employing somebody, you must inquire about their rates. You need a company that connects well. From the minute you call to the moment the plumbing technician leaves, the business must interact clearly.

Visualize beginning the day with dripping pipelines as well as puddles of water at residence. The pipes industry is necessary since it gives services which we can not live without.


Along with plumbing fixings, you may need to pay for wall surface as well as floor covering repair work as an outcome of pipes leaks. Spending in audio plumbing systems and carrying out normal maintenance on them assists you avoid spending a great deal of cash in the future. Water leakages create an excellent environment for mold and mildew to thrive.

Not known Facts About Emergency Plumber

Water is important to life, and it's so essential to be able to access tidy water at all times. https://publicate.it/p/cc1SOxhogr3H319352.


It is essential to understand that you don't require to wait on an emergency situation to call a plumbing professional. The ideal means to avoid an emergency is to take treatment of your pipes. This implies trusting a plumbing to do routine maintenance as well as calling someone at the initial sign of problem.


When the time comes, you must know who to call. You should have to function with a reputable business that has a background of success in your area. To find out more about a business's online reputation, you ought to review their testimonials. You must additionally collaborate with a business that has affordable rates.

About Best Plumbers Near Me

Prior to employing someone, you ought to ask about their prices. You need a company that communicates well. From the moment you contact us to the moment the plumbing professional leaves, the firm must interact clearly. If they don't, take into consideration employing somebody else for the job. Dependability Home Provider deals an emergency pipes service that you can rely on.


Visualize beginning the day with leaking pipes and pools of water at home. The plumbing sector is important due to the fact that it supplies solutions which we can not live without.


Along with pipes fixings, you may require to pay for wall surface as well as flooring repairs as a result of plumbing leakages (http://aulavirtual.cali.edu.co/index.php/comunicacion/foro/topplmbrs4tx). Buying sound pipes systems and also doing normal maintenance on them aids you stay clear of spending a great deal of money later on. Water leaks develop an optimal setting for mold and mildew to flourish.

The 9-Minute Rule for Roto Rooter Near Me

Water is essential to life, as well as it's so crucial to be able to gain access to clean water at all times.


The ideal way to protect against an emergency situation is to take treatment of your pipes. This indicates relying on a plumbing professional to perform routine maintenance as well as calling a person at the initial sign of trouble.


However when the time comes, you ought to recognize that to call. You should have to collaborate with a credible business that has a background of success in your community. To figure out even more about a company's online reputation, you need to read their testimonials. You need to additionally collaborate with a business that has budget friendly prices.

The 20-Second Trick For Cpvc Pipe

Before employing a person, you must inquire regarding their rates. You require a firm that interacts well. From the moment you call to the minute the plumber leaves, the business needs to interact plainly.


Think visit this website of starting the day with dripping pipes and also pools of water at home. The plumbing market is important due to the fact that it provides solutions which we can not live without.


In addition to plumbing repair work, you might need to spend for wall and also flooring fixings as a result of plumbing leakages. Buying sound plumbing systems and also doing routine upkeep on them aids you prevent spending a great deal of cash later on. Water leaks produce a perfect atmosphere for mold and mildew to grow.

The 45-Second Trick For Emergency Plumber

Upkeep is crucial for practically whatever nowadays, specifically so for points like your pipes as well as even your sewage system line. After all, water is vital to life, as well as it's so crucial to be able to gain access to clean water in all times. House pipes involves the a lot extra! Check out on to get more information regarding why pipes and sewage system line upkeep is necessary: Yes, the saying commonly finishes with 'treatment', however in this situation, not protecting against pipe problems will lead you to expensive fixings.


The best means to prevent an emergency situation is to take treatment of your plumbing. This suggests relying on a plumbing technician to execute routine maintenance and also calling somebody at the first indicator of trouble.


When the time comes, you ought to know who to call. You deserve to function with a reliable business that has a background of success in your community. To learn more regarding a firm's online reputation, you ought to review their reviews. You must also work with a firm that has budget-friendly rates.

The 20-Second Trick For Plumbing Services Near Me

Prior to hiring somebody, you must ask about their prices. You require a firm that interacts well. From the minute you phone call to the minute the plumber leaves, the firm must interact plainly. If they do not, consider hiring another person for the work. Integrity Residence Solutions offers an emergency situation pipes service that you can rely on.


Think of starting the day with leaking pipes as well as pools of water in the house. These troubles are not just undesirable, however likewise create one to lose their satisfaction. Besides, the amount of time invested in these jobs is countless. It's then that plumbing technicians become your finest choice. The pipes sector is essential because it provides services which we can not live without.


Along with plumbing repairs, you may need to spend for wall surface and also floor covering fixings as a result of pipes leaks (best plumbers near me). Purchasing audio plumbing systems and performing routine upkeep on them helps you prevent investing a great deal of cash later. Water leaks create an optimal atmosphere for mold and mildew to prosper.

Rumored Buzz on Cpvc Pipe

Upkeep is crucial for almost whatever nowadays, specifically so for points like your pipes and even your sewer line. Water is vital to life, and also it's so crucial to be able to accessibility clean water at all times. Home plumbing involves the so much a lot more! Continue reading to find out more regarding why plumbing as well as drain line upkeep is necessary: Yes, the claiming generally ends with 'cure', but in this situation, not preventing pipe concerns will lead you to pricey fixings.

 

Not known Factual Statements About Cpvc Pipe

Pipes industry is functioning day and evening to come up with solutions for water sustainability. The markets are collaborating with other makers for risk-free plumbing, and water sustainability doesn't appear to be so far off in the future (https://anchor.fm/topplmbrs4tx).


Plumbing is the system of pipes and their installment and upkeep in straightforward words. The pipes system is usually associated with pipes and water and also is utilized to drain pipes wastewater as well as supply tidy water for residences, workplaces, and buildings. This is not a full list of the plumbing system since there are some even more aspects included in the pipes system like setups and upkeep of the many plumbing-related things like heater, water central heating boilers, cleaning equipments, and so on - best plumbers near me.


Various other systems can be electric wiring systems, protection systems, etc. Appropriate upkeep of the pipes system at your place is important to make sure that water either clean or waste is running correctly. This is needed due to the fact that correct maintenance of the pipes system will certainly offer a healthy environment for you and also your family members.

Getting My Best Plumbers Near Me To Work

Sanitary drain system The major feature of this sort of system is to eliminate wastewater. This wastewater removal is done by utilizing a series of pipes that are particularly created for this function. The plumbings not only set up these water drainage pipelines but likewise open these pipelines if blocked.




Stormwater drainage system Covered holes on the sidewalk are called storm drains. Formerly, these storm drains were used to take wastewater to the primary hygienic system but now normally these drains pipes are used to drain rain.


In this system, many pipelines are connected to the major system. This system consists of the installation of valves at different factors to remove the water system. In some residences and also structures, water usage is likewise gauged by the setup of a meter. A plumbing professional is a professional who is in charge of mounting as well as repairing pipelines of the plumbing system.

The Basic Principles Of Emergency Plumber

New Building If you have actually planned to build a brand-new house, office, or structure after that pipes services will additionally be needed.


If you will launch any pipes or heating work regardless of exactly how big or little you will definitely need to obtain some plumbing tools prior to you begin in order to enable you to complete the job sufficiently. https://www.producthunt.com/@topplmbrs4tx. A respectable collection of premium quality pipes as well as home heating devices will always offer you the edge, whether an amateur or expert plumbing.


If you are not a professional plumbing technician it is normally sensible not to attempt repairing your own pipes system. If you do it might result in more damage that can even lead on to much more pricey fixings or refits. This is simply because of the reality that expert plumbing technicians carry the specialist plumbing tools to do the work.

More About Emergency Plumber

An experienced professional who has past experience in utilizing the tools will certainly have the ability to do so safely, as well as with the methods as well as accurate approaches which are needed. A lot of expert plumbing technicians will in fact acquire their plumbing devices from trustworthy shops or trustworthy on-line internet sites that are experts in pipes and heating materials.

This material is not possessed, or maintained by P & H Pipes as well as Home Heating, and is used just for informational objectives. Please check out the material proprietors connect by means of the source web link to find out more.

30 May 2022Whether it's a or a large pipes problem, you should hire a commercial pipes solution not to establish the origin of the issue and also fix it. Plumbing problems are inescapable, and also something is constantly bound to fail if you try as well as fix it yourself. You can picture the water loss if you have a plumbing trouble.

The Main Principles Of Water Heater Repair

Emergency solutions. They view it are guaranteed. They are time conscious as well as effective. An industrial plumbing solution always ensures their customers of correct solution utilizing their advanced and. This is because for the most part, most can only be resolved by specialized and also expensive tools that you may not have in your residence or commercial: Milbur PipesEmploying commercial plumbing solutions means you will certainly pay for not just the finest high standard solution but the most effective devices in the market.


Trying to fix plumbing issues on your very own could lead to other risks such as direct exposure to biohazards, and electric dangers. All these can be ideal stayed clear of if you work with a business plumbing solution that will repair your pipes without putting your security at danger.

Time is of significance when you experience an emergency plumbing trouble. Discolored water, and also flooding can quickly trash mayhem in a matter of mins as well as more cause health and wellness complications. To prevent this, it is best to employ an industrial plumbing solution that has a reliable manpower which will react to your calls right away.

Facts About Plumbing Services Uncovered

Business pipes services beware in their job as well as they have no room for any errors due to the fact that the risks are generally extremely high. They frequently show excellence in their work as they have served various other customers - http://www.place123.net/place/top-10-best-plumbers-san-antonio-san-antonio-usa. Experienced commercial plumbing services recognize the nature of their job and also they take it seriously while carrying out an arranged strategy to find the troubles in the.


Industrial plumbing services constantly have and this implies in situation of a not likely event, all the costs will certainly be covered by insurance coverage. Consequently, you never need to stress since in case of any type of issue in the process, you will certainly not pay. It is constantly vital that you work with a plumbing solution that will certainly not stretch the help too long. cpvc pipe.